The Benha International Journal of Physical Therapy complies with publication and research ethics norms. The journal is dedicated to maintaining moral standards throughout the entire publication process. In order to comply with these regulations, we pay special attention to the norms and standards set forth by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME) and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). There are ethical duties for authors and editors when it comes to publishing research findings. Manuscripts that do not adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki should not be accepted for publication, per our publishing policy.

Registration of Clinical Trials

Any clinical trial-related research should be registered with a clinical trial registration website that has been approved by the World Health Organization or the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

Disclosure of Conflict of Interest

When an author has financial or personal ties or affiliations that could influence the author's decisions about the manuscript, there may be a conflict of interest for the author, their institution, or their employment. The authors kindly request comprehensive details regarding all pertinent relationships or financial conflicts, especially those related to the topic of their manuscript or those that existed during the time the research was conducted. Additionally, they should disclose any other financial interests (e.g., pending patent applications) that may yield future financial benefits. Similarly, during the submission process, authors who do not have any conflicts of interest will be asked to declare that.

Funding/Support and Role of Sponsor

As part of the submission process, all material and financial support for the research and work will be asked to be fully and explicitly stated. It is important to specify the precise function of the sponsor or funding source.

Participants’ anonymity:

No personal information, including texts, images, and pedigrees, may be published that would allow for the identification of a participant. When patient privacy is as important as scientific data, it should be made very evident that the participants provided the written materials.

Human and animal rights:

When conducting a study involving human subjects, it is necessary to disclose that the experiment complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethics standards of the local "Ethics Committee on Clinical Experiments" or agencies that assess the ethics of conducting experiments on human bodies. When doing animal experiments, it is important to make it very obvious that the procedures follow the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals as well as any institutional or national research committee standards pertaining to the breeding and use of laboratory animals.

Authorship:
The coauthors decided on the authorship order together. Once the submitted manuscripts have been accepted, the authors' order cannot be altered or added to. The guidelines for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals are followed by this journal. These guidelines state that authorship credit should only be given for significant contributions to one of the following three areas: (1) conception and design; (2) data acquisition; (3) critical revision of the article for important intellectual content; and (4) final approval of the version to be published. Meeting conditions 1, 2, and 3 is mandatory.

Redundant or Duplicate Publication:

Anything that has already been published in print or electronic media and has been reported in another article or discussed in a paper submitted or accepted for publication elsewhere is not considered for publishing in this journal. Conference proceedings published abstracts of preliminary research findings are not regarded as prior publications.

Sex/Gender Reporting

When reporting the results of clinical trials or epidemiologic analyses, authors are urged to include gender-specific data when applicable or to explicitly note that there were no gender-based differences.

Submission declaration and verification

When an article is submitted, it is assumed that the work has never been published before, that it is not being considered for publication anywhere else, that the publication of the work has the approval of all authors and the relevant ethics committee, either explicitly or implicitly, as well as the responsible authorities where the work was conducted.

Use of inclusive language

Inclusive language acknowledges diversity, conveys respect to all people, is sensitive to differences, and promotes equal opportunities. Content should make no assumptions about the beliefs or commitments of any reader; contain nothing that might imply that one individual is superior to another on the grounds of age, gender, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, disability, or health condition; and use inclusive language throughout. Authors should ensure that their writing is free from bias, stereotypes, slang, references to dominant cultures, and/or cultural assumptions.

Policies regarding plagiarism

Plagiarism is using the words, tables, graphics, or ideas of others and presenting them as your own. Such activity is a form of fraud. It can take many forms, from deliberately seeking academic advantage by replicating the work of others to accidentally copying from a source without obtaining permission from the rights holder. Plagiarism violates ethical standards, and it is not accepted by the editors. The author accepts that a submitted manuscript should be screened for plagiarism against previously published works (iThenticate, a plagiarism checker). Manuscripts that are found to have been plagiarized will be immediately rejected.

Ethical guidelines for editors:

Editors are responsible for deciding which articles are accepted for publication. Editors act in a balanced, objective, and fair way while carrying out their expected duties, without discrimination on grounds of gender, sexual orientation, religious or political beliefs, or ethnic or geographical origin of the authors.

Ethical guidelines for reviewers:

All judgments and findings in the peer-review process should be objective. Reviewers should have no conflict of interest. The reviewers are asked to inform the journal editor if they hold a conflict of interest that may prejudice the review report, either in a positive or negative way. The editorial office will check as far as possible before accepting an invitation; however, we appreciate the cooperation of reviewers in this matter. Further, reviewers must keep the content of the manuscript, including the abstract, confidential. Moreover, this journal conducts blind peer review. Reviewers should be careful not to reveal their identities to the authors.